![]() ![]() ![]() (1999a, 1999b) recently proposed a theoretic model of affect that offers a useful framework for thinking about how stimulus parameters including valence and arousal, PA and NA, and thematic intensity might modulate affective physiological reactivity. ![]() The current investigation was undertaken to help fill this gap. An important gap in this research is the paucity of efforts to systematically manipulate these stimulus parameters within the same study. Thus, valence and arousal, PA and NA, and thematic content have all been shown to exhibit significant associations with affective ratings and physiological responding. victim) can differentially modulate physiological responding ( Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, et al., 2001 Levenston, Patrick, Bradley, & Lang, 2000 Yartz & Hawk, 2002). adventure) or aversive picture stimuli (e.g., threat vs. For example, it has been demonstrated that the specific thematic content of pleasant (e.g., erotic vs. ![]() A final key point regarding the dual activation (PA/NA) model is that the underlying motivational systems are seen to be strongly attuned to stimuli that have direct survival significance. Some picture viewing ( Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, et al., 2001) and imagery studies ( Witvliet & Vrana, 1995) have examined physiological reactivity in terms of these PA and NA dimensions, but the number of these studies is small in comparison to those conducted within the valence-arousal dimensional framework. Positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) rating dimensions ( Watson & Tellegen, 1985) have been theorized to represent these separable positive and negative activation systems within the domain of self-report (for recent reviews of the PA–NA perspective, see Russell & Carroll, 1999a Tellegen, Watson, & Clark, 1999a, 1999b Watson et al., 1999). For a representative summary of physiological responses to picture stimuli, the reader is directed to Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, and Lang (2001).Īside from valence and arousal, a large body of work suggests that physiological response systems can also be understood in terms of the activation of separable positive and negative motivational systems (e.g., appetitive–defensive, approach–withdrawal Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, et al., 2001 Bradley, Cuthbert, & Lang, 1999 Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994 Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999 Davidson, 1992 Gray, 1987, 1991 Lang, 1995 Pickering, 1997 Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999). On the other hand, the amplitude of skin conductance responses has been shown to covary with the rated arousal of picture stimuli, and modulatory effects on the startle blink reflex tend to be greatest for pleasant and unpleasant pictures that are highly arousing ( Cuthbert, Bradley, & Lang, 1996). For example, the acoustic startle blink reflex has been shown to vary with the emotional valence (pleasantness–unpleasantness) of picture stimuli, with blinks generally potentiated during viewing of unpleasant stimuli and inhibited during viewing of pleasant stimuli (e.g., Cook, Davis, Hawk, Spence, & Gautier, 1992 Vrana, Spence, & Lang, 1988). Such relations have most commonly been studied in terms of orthogonal affective dimensions of valence and arousal. Physiological responses vary with the emotional qualities of picture stimuli, and there is great interest in learning more about emotional processing by studying relations between reactivity in different physiological systems and various parameters of affective pictures. ![]()
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